Indigenous Heritage & Migrations
For millennia, southern Africa was inhabited by indigenous San hunter-gatherers and Khoekhoe pastoralists, whose rock art and nomadic culture span tens of thousands of years.
From roughly 300 to 1000 CE, Bantu-speaking agriculturalists migrated southward, introducing metallurgy, permanent pastoral settlements, and regional trading hubs like Mapungubwe that exchanged gold, iron, and ivory across the subcontinent.